Adams class ship USS Essex (IX-10) was designed and constructed by premier North American shipwright Donald McKay. Her keel was laid down in 1874 and she was launched in 1876. She was a three-decked wooden screw steamer sloop-of-war with auxiliary sail (bark-rigged). She was 185 feet long, 35 feet in the beam, had a 14.25-foot draft, and was 1,375 tons. When commissioned, she carried six big guns, all muzzle loaders: one XI-inch and four IX-inch Dahlgren Naval Artillery guns, and one 60-pound Parrott Rifle The ship’s armory carried dozens of small arms including rifles, pistols, revolvers, and cutlasses. Further, she carried a six auxiliary boats including a launch, two cutters, a whale boat, one gig, and a dinghy. The combinations of guns and watercraft carried on board USS Essex could change from log book to log book. She served with the US Navy in active duty and as a training ship with the Ohio Naval Militia, the Illinois Naval Militia, and the Minnesota Naval Militia. She was intentionally burned on Minnesota Point in Lake Superior at Duluth in 1931. Her Minnesota Archaeological Site Number is 21-SL-1030 and she is a National Register of Historic Places Property.

Maritime Heritage Minnesota digitized the 62 known USS Essex log books held at the National Archives in Washington, DC, and at the US Naval Academy in Annapolis in 2010. The log books consist of the daily activities on board the Essex as recorded by deck officers on duty. Those deck notes were then transcribed to be the official log of the Essex that were sent to the Navy Department in Washington, DC, where they were bound into their current book form. At the beginning of most log books, there are: a title page, two list of officers pages, a crew complement page (listing the crew by rank and job), an armaments page (list of the different large guns, boats, and small arms), and two pages of compass observations. Not all log books contain these pages and some include additional information, including a plan and section of the Essex in Log Books 8 and 9 and four pages of directions on how to fill out log pages in Log Book 21. Sometimes two transcribed versions of log pages were sent to the Navy Department and duplicate books were produced. However, sometimes the duplicate books were not bound with exactly the same pages, so some books overlap each other in date. Also, some log book pages have writing too close to its spine edge and after binding, some words and numbers were ‘lost’ in the spine if the binding remained tight over the decades. Further, it must be kept in mind that the names of ships, both American and foreign, as well as geographical locations usually expressed in different languages will have variations in spelling. With this in mind, the deck officers of the Essex, when writing the log pages, may misunderstand what the actual name of a ship or geographical marker actually is and their handwriting may present challenges or be nearly illegible. The digitization and editing of the USS Essex log books were made possible with funding provided by the Minnesota Historical and Cultural Heritage Grant program, part of the Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund of the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment.

Log Books 11-12 of the USS Essex: May 17, 1882 -  December 2, 1882

The National Archives houses two identical versions of USS Essex Log Books 11 and 12. Essex Log Book 10, housed at the Naval Academy in Annapolis, is an abbreviated volume in a different format than Log Books 11-12, but pertains to the same time period. Throughout Log Books 11-12, comments were made on:

• sail adjustments with sail type and action specified
• banking of boiler fires in order to put the ship on stand-by for immediate use
• coupling and uncoupling the propellor when the ship was shifting from steam to sail and vice-versa
• when under steam the different watches record the average steam boiler pressure and engine revolutions
• lowering of smokestack and proceeded under sail and vice-versa when the Essex was underway
• when anchored nearly every watch described the state of the anchor cables: crossed (‘cross in hawse, stbd chain on top’ or ‘Elbow in hawse’) and often will mention ‘clearing the hawse’ (the crossed anchor cables were uncrossed)
• casting deep sea lead for soundings
• patent log readings
• water distillation using the ship’s boilers to produce freshwater and refilling the freshwater tanks
• coaling of the ship
• weather recording: temperature, wind direction, barometer readings, state of the sea
• recording the ship’s behavior (heavy rolling or pitching)
• crew conducting ship maintenance: general ship cleaning, bilge cleaning and checking pumps, scraping and painting - and sometimes tarring and caulking - the ship’s hull and infrastructure, tarring down rigging, airing of rigging, repairing stays, repairing yards and booms, loosed sails to dry, scraping and slushing spars, steam cutter maintenance/repair
• crew conducting drills: furling and unfurling sails, target practice with the main battery (great guns), boat drills - all hands called to arms and away all boats for naval tactics under sail and oars, general quarters drills, small arms drills, torpedo drills, surprise enemy attack drills
• receiving fresh water from shore through pumps or lighter
• receiving provisions and stores: food, medical supplies, clothing, engineering gear, construction
• Quarterly Board of Survey’s findings of condemned articles on board (food, equipment) and their fate (food was usually tossed overboard) from the inventories of the different ship’s departments (Ordnance, Engineering, Navigation, Equipment, Medical, Pay)
• crew promotions
• crew quarters inspection
• liberty parties sent ashore
• lists of new crew members - recruits or transfers from other ships- taken on board during a cruise
• crew transfers to other ships
• crew reporting the expiration of their contracted naval service
• crew members in solitary confinement or other punishments for various infractions. AWOL crew, general and summary court martial proceedings, AWOL crew put in irons
• rewards offered for the return of AWOL crewmen
• Sunday services after the reading of the Articles for Better Government of the Navy

NOTE: The Essex deck officers who recorded the daily happenings on the ship often translated the names of non-American ships incorrectly. MHM determined the correct spellings of the ships and those corrections are reflected in the Finding Aid, not the poorly transliterated ship names.

At the beginning of Log Books 11-12, on May 17, 1882, the USS Essex was anchored in the Bay of Montevideo, Uruguay. She was under Commander Alexander H. McCormick and belonged to the US Pacific Squadron. While at anchor, Essex and Flagship sloop-of-war USS Brooklyn exchanged maritime signals and the ship received mail from the flagship. Essex received visits from the US Consul for Uruguay Charge d' Affaires General John C. Caldwell and his Vice-Consul; Essex officers also visited the Consul in Montevideo. The next day, Essex received visits from officers of the Spanish, French, Argentine Confederation, and Italian men-of-war anchored in the harbor. Following the passing of Essex across the Atlantic Ocean, the ship’s crew was engaged in painting the ship and blacking the rigging. On May 20, the Commanding Officer of the French gunboat Faligui visited Essex and the next day, visits were exchanged between the crews of Brooklyn and Essex. The sloop-of-war USS Marion anchored at Montevideo and an Essex crewman broke leg while on shore cleaning the sailing launch - he was sent to the hospital in Montevideo on May 22. The next day the French gunboat Bourdonnais left the port to go to sea. Following a muster at quarters, Essex officers determined that nine crewmen were AWOL. On May 24 the Commanding Officer of USS Marion visited Essex and the next day, the crew dressed Essex in honor of Argentine Independence Day. A British barkentine and a Spanish gunboat left port. The Spanish vessel returned the next day while a German brig, and Argentine gunboat set anchor in the bay. On May 26, the English mail steamer Memnon arrived in Montevideo. Commanding Officer McCormick sent six Essex crewmen to the Memnon for passage back to the US; they were ‘condemned’ by a Medical Survey for being in poor health. Outside the bay, a French gunboat engaged in target practice and then returned to anchor. Essex sent an officer to extend customary civilities to a Spanish gunboat that anchored in the port. The ship’s crew practiced conducting torpedo drills and were inspected at quarters; 15 men were AWOL. On May 31, corvette HMS (Her Majesty’s Ship) Garnet anchored in the Bay of Montevideo and Essex sent an officer to the ship to extend courtesies.

On June 1, 1882, Commanding Officer McCormick visited HMS Garnet, Essex hosted a visit byCharge d' Affaires Caldwell, and an English gunboat came in and anchored. The next day, HBM (Her Britannic Majesty’s) gunboat Rifleman came to anchor and Essex send officers for a courtesy visit to Rifleman and gunboat HMS Firefly; both British vessels reciprocated. Essex also hosted visits from the Commanding Officer of Garnet and an officer from the Italian gunboat Scillou, and exchanged maritime signals with USS Marion. On June 4, the Captain of the Port boarded Essex to request colors be flown at half-mast in commemoration of Giuseppe Garibaldi; Essex complied on June 5. Also on that day, officers from HMS Firefly and an Italian man-of-war visited Essex, and a Uruguayan official thanked Essex for participating in the Garibaldi celebration. On the evening of June 6, a strong gale blew into the Bay of Montevideo and the crew was ordered to batten down the ship. The storm continued through the next day, and the Essex’s catamaran was blown loose from the ship. The log noted HMS Garnet had dragged her anchor for a distance and several ships in port signaled their condition; one vessel indicated she needed immediate assistance due to a leak. An English mail steamer ent to sea and a German steamer shifted her berth. On June 8 the storm had blown out, HMS Garnett shifted berth, and an American barque left Montevideo. On June 9, Commanding McCormick offered a bounty for return AWOL crewmen.

On June 10, the Essex crew continued storm clean-up, including retrieving the ship’s catamaran by using the steam launch. The ship then set course for Valparaiso, Chile and left the Bay of Montevideo. They passed Flores Island Light and steamed into the River Plate where Essex was stopped for 15 minutes to cool the engine bearings. Once again steaming, the log noted Gerro and Maldonado Lights. Essex sighted a German barque; the ships exchanged colors and she passed her longitude and Greenwich time to the barque. Next Essex sighted barque-rigged steamer in the distance. On June 18, the crew observed what would become known as Comet Wells in the west near the horizon. By June 21, Essex sighted Cape Virgins, Argentina, and anchored in Possession Bay (Bahia Possession), with bearings taken off Hell and Cape Possession Beacons. The next day, Essex proceeded up the Straits of Magellan and anchored off Elizabeth Island in Chile. The crew practiced with the great guns and cleaned the ship’s bilge, and a bark-rigged steamer passed by Essex heading east. On June 26, the ship headed to Sandy Point and anchored there, taking on coal from a lighter. Commander McCormick left ship to visit authorities ashore, and on June 28, the Governor of the Territory paid an official visit to Essex. A German steamer anchored nearby, and Essex left for St. Nicholas Bay. Once anchored there, bearings were taken off Sanchez Island and Glascott Point.

On July 1-2, 1882, Essex left St. Nicholas Bay and steamed toward Borja Bay, anchoring there, and she took bearings off Isabel and Bosario Points. She left Borja Bay and anchored at Cape Tamar. On July 4, the crew dropped a second anchor due to strong winds and dressed Essex in honor of Independence Day. On July 7-8, Essex left Cape Tamar, anchored in Tuesday Bay at Desolation Island, left Tuesday Bay and passed Cape Pillar.* On July 10, Essex encountered a strong gale, and the crew spent the following days performing ship’s maintenance and drills. On July 16 and later, Essex spotted two barks and continued on to Valparaiso, Chile by July 22. It must be noted that Essex was moving into the area where the War of the Pacific began in 1879. The ship received courtesy visits from the Chilean Flagship armored frigate Almirante Cochrane, the English sloop-of-war Mutine, and the French gunboat Limier. Essex sent sent officers on return courtesy visits to the foreign men-of-war in the harbor, and received the Captain of the Port on board. Commander McCormick left Essex and made official visits to other ships; the courtesy was reciprocated by the French and English Commanding Officers, and the Captain of Admiral Cochrane. An English mail steamer anchored in the harbor, and Essex shifted her anchorage. July 26 was payday for the Essex crew and French Flagship ironclad Montcalm anchored in the bay. Three days later, the ship departed Valparaiso and passed by Valparaiso Light, conducting gunnery practice along the way. On July 30, Essex’s ensign was flown at half-mast out of respect for Rear Admiral John Rodgers, who had died in early May. Heading north, Essex sighted an American barque.

At the beginning of August, 1882, Essex was traveling northward along the Chilean coast, with the crew conducting drills and ship maintenance. On August 4, the ship anchored in Coquimbo Harbor and was visited by Harbor Health Officer. Also, the Commanding Officer of the English flagship in port visited Essex and Commander McCormick sent an officer to visit the American Consul and make other official visits. Reciprocal visits were received and bearings were taken off Pelican Point. For the next two days, Essex exchanged salutes with a British steamer that left the harbor while another English steamer took anchor. On August 6, Essex’s steam cutter burst its coil; it was fixed by August 8. The Governor of the Province visited the ship, a Chilean steamer anchored in the bay, but left later that night. The Engineering Department sent a length of steam pipe ashore for repairs; it was sent back to the ship on August 10. A British steamer anchored and another left the harbor. Essex paid bounties to the Coquimbo police for the return of several deserters. On August 13 the Pacific Mail Steamship Company (out of New York) steamer Pizarro entered the port, saluted Essex, and anchored; Essex returned the salute. Then, a Chilean mail steamer dipped her colors as she passed Essex, heading out to sea; Essex returned the salute. The crew spent time painting the outer hull and ship’s masts, while another British mail steamer came to anchor and another British steamer left the port.

On August 18, Commander McCormick visited to HMS Mutine after she secured her anchorage in the harbor. Two days later, British Flagship battleship HMS Swiftsure anchored and sent an officer to Essex as a courtesy call. Two Chilean vessels left harbor and an English mail steamer anchored. Royal Navy Rear Admiral Sir Algernon McLennan Lyons came aboard and visited with Commander McCormick. Admiral Lyons was the Commander in Chief of the British Pacific Station; he later became Admiral of the Fleet station in Portsmouth, England. Commander McCormick reciprocated, visiting Admiral Lyons on HMS Swiftsure. On August 21, Swiftsure’s band played the American National Anthem at evening colors, and Swiftsure's Commanding Officer visited Essex.Once again, the Governor of the Province and Captain of the Port paid an official visit to Essex and another English steamer left the harbor. Essex again offered bounties to local police for the return of AWOL sailors - and the ship's cook was returned to the vessel by Coquimbo authorities. On August 28, the Chilean steamer Pashapoal anchored and salutes were exchanged. A boat was sent by the Chilean ship with the an  American Minister on board, who had been in Chile; he visited Essex and returned to Pashapoal. The Commanding Officer of HMS Mutine visited Essex, a British steamer anchored while another left the harbor, and a Chilean steamer anchored. Essex crewmen found the body of an English Marine while they were practicing boat drills. The men towed the body to the Essex and were ordered to tow the body to Flagship HMS  Swiftsure. On August 31, the ship’s colors were lowered to half-mast for the funeral services of the drowned HMS Swiftsure seaman. A Chilean mail steamer left port, and dipped her colors as she passed Essex; the salute was returned.

On September 1, 1882, a small Chilean steamer anchored in the harbor of Coquimbo and an English mail steamer went to sea. Again, Essex offered bounty to local authorities for the return of missing crewmen, while the crew conducted exercises, practicing at repelling boarders. On September 8, an English mail steamer came into port and left during the evening watch, a Chilean steamer and another British mail steamer entered the harbor, and another British steamer left the harbor. On September 8, Essex exchanged salutes with a departing Chilean steamer, and the English mail steamer Britannia, and HMS Mutine left the port as well. On September 12, Essex built up steam and left Coquimbo Harbor, passing Pajaras Rock along the way. The next day, she anchored once again in Valparaiso Harbor and took bearings off Baja Rock and Fort Desfarey. Officers from the Chilean flagship, an Italian man-of-war, and HMS Mutine visited Essex; the visits werereciprocated by Essex officers, and Commander McCormick also sent an officer to visit with the American Consul in Valparaiso. A mail steamer and an English steamer went to sea, exchanging colors with Essex as she passed. Essex received an invitation from a Chilean officer to participate in Chilean Independence Day celebrations. An Italian man-of-war saluted a Chilean Commodore on board the armored frigate Flagship Almirante Cochrane, the salute was returned.

Bounties were offered and paid to local police for the returned of missing crewmembers. On September 16, Essex paid an additional fee for the destruction of a policeman's cap by a drunk AWOL crewman, returned to the ship by the Valparaiso authorities. On September 17, Essex was dressed with the Chilean flag at the mainmast and Flagship Almirante Cochrane fired a gun salute. Essex also received an official visit from the Captain of Port. The next day, the ship was still dressed with the Chilean ensign, and she fired salutes in celebration of Chilean Independence Day; Italian warship Caracciola and HMS Mutine also dressed for the occasion. Commander McCormick and several of Essex’s officers left the ship and attended Chilean Independence Day festivities ashore. In the next few days, a French ship entered the harbor and exchanged salutes with Essex, while HMS Mutine left Valparaiso. Essex was visited by the Intendante of Valparaiso, and two another English steamers anchored in the port; one exchanged colors with Essex. Essex took on provisions, but they were sent back ashore due to poor quality. A Chilean steamer arrived in port and dipped colors with Essex. On September 26, Essex left Valparaiso Harbor. On September 30, the crew of the USS Essex sighted a comet bearing east of the ship; this comet is now known as the Great Comet of 1882.

In early October 1882, Essex crewmen sighted a brigantine while heading north toward Iquique, heading into the harbor on October 4. Essex exchanged signals with sloop-of-war USS Lackawanna and anchored. She received visits from officers of Flagship HMS Swiftsure, HMS Mutine, the Captain of the Port, and an official from the US Consul. Essex sent an officer to visit HMS Swiftsure, while a Chilean steamer anchored in the harbor. On October 5, an American barque captain came aboard Essex to check the accuracy of his chronometers, and the USS Lackawanna up anchored and left Iquique. A French corvette anchored in the port and an Essex officer visited her, while Commander McCormick went ashore. Further, three British ships left port: Flagship Swiftsure, corvette Mutine, and a barque. On October 7, Essex steamed out of Iquique Harbor, heading northward for Arica, Peru**. Along the way, the ship was passed by a steamer heading north, a Chilean warship passed heading south, and Essex sighted a bark. Essex anchored in Arica Harbor on October 9. Commander McCormick ordered that a kedge anchor be put out on the starboard quarteras a spring to keep the ship’s head to sea; a maneuver called kedging. The US Consul visited Essex and a barque entered the port and anchor astern of the ship. Over the next few days, a steamer anchored of Essex’s starboard beam, a Chilean mail steamer anchored, and a Chilean transport discharged troops ashore. The Chilean transport’s proximity to Essex forced the ship to adjust her anchor cable and officers from the transport visited her. Essex’s Medical Officer went ashore Arica to obtain a bill of health and on October 12, the ship left Arica.

At sea, the USS Essex crew conducted drills at rigging torpedoes. On October 16, the crew once again sighted the Great Comet of 1882 in the eastern night sky. Two days later, an English steamer passed by and dipped her colors; Essex reciprocated. Essex pulled into Callao Bay, Peru and anchored. She exchanged signals with sloop Flagship USS Pensacola, sloop-of-war USS Iroquois, and clipper Station Ship USS Onward. Essex received visits from officers of the Italian corvette Archimides***, Flagship HMS Swiftsure, the French gunboat Limier,and Chilean ironclad Huascar****. On October 19, Commander McCormick left Essex to make official visits, the Commanding Officer of Iroquois visited Essex, and a Chilean steamer and French man-of-war anchored in the harbor. Flagship USS Pensacola’s band played “Marsillaise" as both ships exchanged salutes.The next day, the Board of Survey convened to examine torpedo booms, boat cradles, and the engine's crank pin. Essex received visits from the Commanding Officers of the French cruiser Eclaireur, Flagship HMS Swiftsure, HMS Mutine, and Huascar. Essex also received visits from officers of Archimides, USS Pensacola, and other Italian, English, and Chilean men-of-war in harbor.

On October 21, the US Consul based at Callao Bay visited Essex and the next day, English, French, and Chilean steamers come in and anchored. Essex welcomed visiting parties from USS Iroquois and USS Pensacola. Two days later, the English squadron left Callao Bay and Essex offered a reward for the return of two AWOL crewmen.Commander of of the Pacific SquadronRear Admiral George B. Balch and his staff visited Essex on October 24. The same day, Huascar left harbor.On October 25, an Essex prisoner was sent to USS Iroquois for a general court martial, with several Essex officers attending. The next day, two AWOL crewmen were returned to the ship and on October 27, Essex received onboard the officers and prisoner from the general court martial. Over the next few days, Chilean armored frigate Blanco Encalada*****, sister ship to Alimante Cochrane,anchored in the bay, Essex ordered her boats called away for exercises at fleet tactics under sail by the crew, and HMS Swiftsure & HMS Mutine come to anchor in the bay. USS Pensacola's band played British national anthems and the Commanding Officer of Blanco Encalada visited on board Essex.

In the first half of November 1882, Essex received provisions from USS Onward and Commander McCormick disciplined a crewman for spreading 'scandalous reports' on a fellow crewman. The ship received an official visit from Royal Navy Rear Admiral Sir Algernon McLennan Lyons, Commander in Chief of the British Pacific Station. A Chilean gunboat and the French Flagship Montcalm anchored, with Essex Marines firing a salute. The Italian corvette Carraciola, the Chilean armored frigate Blanco Encalada, and the English Flagship Swiftsure also fired salutes to the French flagship, which were returned by Montcalm. Commander McCormick visited Montcalm with the Commanding Officer of the French flagship reciprocating, and Chilean corvette anchored in Callao Bay. On November 12, Essex received a party from USS Iroquois,andsent visiting parties to Iroquois and flagship USS Pensacola, and received stores from USS Oswald. The next day Chilean Flagship Blanco Encalada and HMS Swiftsure exchanged salutes. The French Admiral B.B. de Corbiguy lowered his flag from Montcalm in preparation for leaving the ship; all the flagships in the harbor fire salutes out of respect for the departing admiral. On November 14, the new French admiral hoisted his flag on Montcalm; all the flagships in Callao Bay fired salutes to welcome him.

On November 15, Commander of of the Pacific SquadronRear Admiral George B. Balch left his Flagship USS Pensacola - joined by Commander McCormick - and welcomed the new admiral on board the French flagship. Essex then received an official visit from the French admiral in return. Essex also sent visiting parties to Pensacola and Iroquois. Chilean Flagship Blanco Encalada left Callao Bay, firing projectiles from her guns as she headed out to sea. On November 20 a series of gun salutes were traded between the flagships - Carraciola, HMS Swiftsure, Montcalm, and USS Pensacola - in the harbor. Two days later, Essex received a visit from US Rear Admiral Balch and British Rear Admiral Lyons. Also, French ram Eclaireur left harbor while English and Chilean gunboats anchored. On November 27, 1882, four USS Essex officers participated in the funeral ceremonies and transfer of bodies of Spanish sailors killed in action during the Battle of Callao in 1866.****** The Engineering Crew hoisted the boiler out of the ship’s steam cutter for repairs, and the USS Iroquois left the harbor. Two days later, Blanco Encalada returned to anchor in Callao Bay accompanied by a Chilean steamer carrying troops. All flagships in the harbor - Montcalm, HMS Swiftsure, USS Pensacola,Blanco Encalada, and Carraciola - fired salutes with German flag flying at the fore, for an unknown reason. On November 30, Commander McCormick sent a ship’s boat and an officer to attend the funeral of a USS Pensacola seaman.

On December 1, 1882, Essex sent a battalion ashore for arms drills and target practice, while HMS Swiftsure and HMS Mutine left Callao Bay; Mutine returned a short time later. The next day, Essex lowered her colors to half-mast in memory of Rear Admiral Charles H. Poor, USN, when word of his early November death reached Commander McCormick. USS Iroquois came to anchor and Carraciola left the bay.

*The names of some points and islands in the Straits of Magellan have changed since 1882 or are only recognized by their traditional names.

**Arica officially became part of Chile in 1883.

***Italian corvette Archimides should be spelled Archimedes; the log book consistently used the first spelling.

**** Chilean ironclad Huascar is still afloat as a museum ship, anchored at Talcahuano, Chile.

*****Blano Encalada was the first ship sunk by a self-propelled torpedo, in 1891.

******The log states the Battle of Callao took place in 1867, not 1866; this is incorrect.

Tags:

American Ships: sloop-of-war USS Brooklyn, sloop-of-war USS Essex, sloop-of-war USS Iroquois, sloop-of-war USS Lackawanna, sloop-of-war USS Marion, clipper Station Ship USS Onward, sloop Flagship USS Pensacola

British Ships: mail steamer Britannia, gunboat HMS Firefly,corvette HMS Garnet,mail steamer Memnon,sloop-of-war HMS Mutine, gunboat HMS Rifleman, battleship Flagship HMS Swiftsure

Chilean Ships: armored frigate Flagship Almirante Cochrane, armored frigate Flagship Blanco Encalada, ironclad Huascar, steamer Pashapoal

French Ships: gunboat Bourdonnais, cruiser Eclaireur,gunboat Faligui, gunboat Limier,  ironclad Flagship Montcalm

Italian Ships: corvette Archimides/Archimedes, corvette Flagship Carraciola

In Copyright. This work is copyrighted to Ann Merriman, Christopher Olson, and Maritime Heritage Minnesota. It cannot be duplicated, altered, or hosted online by an unauthorized third party. It cannot be sold for a profit or used to make a profit by any unauthorized third party and no commercial use is allowed. It can be used as a scholarly resource with proper citation to Ann Merriman, Christopher Olson, and Maritime Heritage Minnesota.

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